Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developing countries
In India, cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women, followed by breast cancer. Approximately 122,844 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year (estimates for 2012). It mainly affects middle-aged women (between the ages of 40 and 55), especially those of low economic level who do not perform periodic health checks. The early stages of cervical cancer are asymptomatic, late stages may have abnormal vaginal bleeding, smelly vaginal discharge, low back pain, bleeding and painful urination, or pain during intercourse. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer. Several cofactors associated with HPV persistence are smoking, promiscuity, use of long-term oral contraceptives, and other sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. At least 50% of sexually active men and women contract HPV at some point in their lives, which usually resolves spontaneously; However, only 3 to 10% of women develop persistent infections and have a high risk of developing cancer of the cervix.
Tools for prevention:
Lifestyle changes
Avoid multiple sexual partners, which delays the first sexual intercourse and reduces smoking.
Since early detection predicts a better prognosis, one of the most effective ways to prevent and control cervical cancer is routine screening with Pap Smear, VIA, and early diagnosis.
Screening
Cervical cytology detection The Pap test (cervical scraping) has led to a marked reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. The test is not considered for women under 25 and over 65. A 3-year test is recommended for women aged 25 to 49, while for the age group 50 to 64, a Pap test is recommended once every 5 years. The problem with the Pap test is its low compliance in Indian women.
HPV vaccines
Prevention through vaccination is becoming the most effective option. Among the different strains of HPV infection, two strains: HPV 16 and 18, account for more than 70% of all cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccines that prevent infection with HPV 16 and 18 are now available and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers.
Currently available vaccines are safe and effective. Protection is only observed when the vaccine is given before infection with HPV, the vaccine must be given before sexual debut. The vaccine should preferably be presented to parents as a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer and not as a vaccine against a sexually transmitted infection. The HPV vaccine is therefore important for public health.
Two vaccines with a worldwide license are available in India; a tetravalent vaccine (GardasilTM marketed by Merck) and a bivalent vaccine (CervarixTM marketed by GlaxoSmithKline). These vaccines do not protect against the serotype with which the infection has already occurred before vaccination. The available bivalent and tetravalent vaccines are prophylactic and nontherapeutic.
Better safe than sorry. This saying does not seem to be valid for Indians when it comes to medical care, since only about 10 percent of adults opt for vaccines.
Established cervical cancer treatment
Cancer in very early stages can be removed surgically. In later stages, radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be used alone or after surgery.
In India, cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women, followed by breast cancer. Approximately 122,844 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year (estimates for 2012). It mainly affects middle-aged women (between the ages of 40 and 55), especially those of low economic level who do not perform periodic health checks. The early stages of cervical cancer are asymptomatic, late stages may have abnormal vaginal bleeding, smelly vaginal discharge, low back pain, bleeding and painful urination, or pain during intercourse. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer. Several cofactors associated with HPV persistence are smoking, promiscuity, use of long-term oral contraceptives, and other sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. At least 50% of sexually active men and women contract HPV at some point in their lives, which usually resolves spontaneously; However, only 3 to 10% of women develop persistent infections and have a high risk of developing cancer of the cervix.
Tools for prevention:
Lifestyle changes
Avoid multiple sexual partners, which delays the first sexual intercourse and reduces smoking.
Since early detection predicts a better prognosis, one of the most effective ways to prevent and control cervical cancer is routine screening with Pap Smear, VIA, and early diagnosis.
Screening
Cervical cytology detection The Pap test (cervical scraping) has led to a marked reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. The test is not considered for women under 25 and over 65. A 3-year test is recommended for women aged 25 to 49, while for the age group 50 to 64, a Pap test is recommended once every 5 years. The problem with the Pap test is its low compliance in Indian women.
HPV vaccines
Prevention through vaccination is becoming the most effective option. Among the different strains of HPV infection, two strains: HPV 16 and 18, account for more than 70% of all cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccines that prevent infection with HPV 16 and 18 are now available and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers.
Currently available vaccines are safe and effective. Protection is only observed when the vaccine is given before infection with HPV, the vaccine must be given before sexual debut. The vaccine should preferably be presented to parents as a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer and not as a vaccine against a sexually transmitted infection. The HPV vaccine is therefore important for public health.
Two vaccines with a worldwide license are available in India; a tetravalent vaccine (GardasilTM marketed by Merck) and a bivalent vaccine (CervarixTM marketed by GlaxoSmithKline). These vaccines do not protect against the serotype with which the infection has already occurred before vaccination. The available bivalent and tetravalent vaccines are prophylactic and nontherapeutic.
Better safe than sorry. This saying does not seem to be valid for Indians when it comes to medical care, since only about 10 percent of adults opt for vaccines.
Established cervical cancer treatment
Cancer in very early stages can be removed surgically. In later stages, radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be used alone or after surgery.
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